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Las Reglas de Vuelo Visual, más conocidas por sus siglas en inglés VFR (Visual Flight Rules), es el conjunto de normas contenidas en el Reglamento de Circulación Aérea y que establecen las condiciones suficientes para que el piloto pueda dirigir su aeronave, navegar y mantener la separación de seguridad con cualquier obstáculo con la única ayuda de la observación visual.
Bajo VFR, el piloto dirige su aeronave manteniendo en todo momento contacto visual con el terreno, aunque le está permitido utilizar los instrumentos de vuelo a bordo como ayuda suplementaria.
Contenido
[ocultar]
* 1 Criterios de visibilidad
o 1.1 Espacio aéreo clase A
o 1.2 Espacio aéreo clases B, C, D, E, F y G
o 1.3 Excepciones en las clases F y G
* 2 Criterios de altitud
* 3 Navegación visual
* 4 Véase también
* 5 Enlaces externos
[editar] Criterios de visibilidad
Las condiciones en las cuales es posible realizar un vuelo visual, conocidas por sus siglas en inglés VMC (Visual Meteorological Conditions), están detalladas en el Reglamento de Circulación Aérea y dependen de la clase de espacio aéreo:
[editar] Espacio aéreo clase A
El vuelo visual no está permitido.
[editar] Espacio aéreo clases B, C, D, E, F y G
* Visibilidad: 8 kilómetros a FL 100 o por encima, 5 kilómetros por debajo de FL 100.
* Distancia horizontal de las nubes: 1500 metros.
* Distancia vertical de las nubes: 300 metros (1000 pies).
[editar] Excepciones en las clases F y G
En los vuelos a altura igual o inferior al más elevado de 900 metros (3000 pies) AMSL o 300 metros (1000 pies) AGL, y así cuando lo prescriba la autoridad ATS competente, pueden permitirse visibilidades de vuelo inferiores a 5 kilómetros y hasta 1500 metros. Dentro de esta excepción, también sería suficiente con permanecer libre de nubes y a la vista de la superficie.
El propósito de estos requerimientos es garantizar que el vuelo puede realizarse sin que el piloto tenga que acudir a otra referencia que la observación directa del terreno. Por este motivo, en España está prohibido volar de noche o atravesar capas de nubes. El piloto es responsable único de la navegación.
[editar] Criterios de altitud
* Altitudes mínimas: sobre aglomeraciones de edificios en ciudades, pueblos o lugares habitados o sobre una reunión de personas al aire libre, el vuelo no se efectuará a altura menor de 300 metros (1000 pies) sobre el obstáculo más alto situado dentro de un radio de 600 metros (2000 pies) desde la aeronave. En cualquier parte distinta de la anterior, el vuelo no se efectuará a altura menor de 150 metros (500 pies) sobre tierra o agua.
* Altitudes máximas: a menos que lo autorice la autoridad ATS compentente, no se realizarán vuelos VFR por encima de nivel de vuelo 200 (150 en la región AFI, en la que están incluidas las Islas Canarias).
[editar] Navegación visual
La mayoría de las aeronaves ligeras vuelan de acuerdo con las Reglas de Vuelo Visual, aunque dependiendo de su certificación estarán sometidas a unas u otras restricciones.
* Los pilotos de ultraligeros (ULM) y velero no están obligados a mantener contacto por radio con los controladores aéreos, aunque les está prohibido atravesar espacios aéreos controlados, así como despegar o aterrizar desde aeródromos deportivos sin permiso previo.
* Los de aeronaves ligeras operan desde aeródromos deportivos. Están generalmente obligados a mantenerse en contacto con los controladores, así como a notificarles su paso por determinados puntos indicados en las cartas de navegación aérea. Asimismo, deben atenerse a los procedimientos de salida llegada a los aeródromos que se indican en las mencionadas cartas.
En cualquier caso, la navegación visual no requiere de especiales conocimientos. Aunque el uso del GPS se ha generalizado, basta un mapa detallado de la zona de vuelo para poder orientarse.
Fuente WIKIPEDIA
Visual flight rules
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Visual flight rules (VFR) are a set of regulations which allow a pilot to operate an aircraft in weather conditions generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going. Specifically, the weather must be better than basic VFR weather minimums, as specified in the rules of the relevant aviation authority.[1] If the weather is worse than VFR minimums, pilots are required to use instrument flight rules.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Requirements
* 2 Pilot certifications
* 3 Controlled visual flight rules
* 4 Low Flying Rules
* 5 See also
* 6 References
[edit] Requirements
VFR require a pilot to be able to see outside the cockpit, to control the aircraft's attitude, navigate, and avoid obstacles and other aircraft. [2]
To avoid collisions, the VFR pilot is expected to "see and avoid" obstacles and other aircraft. Pilots flying under VFR assume responsibility for their separation from all other aircraft and are generally not assigned routes or altitudes by air traffic control. Near busier airports, and while operating within certain types of airspace, VFR aircraft are required to have a transponder to help identify the aircraft on radar. Governing agencies establish specific requirements for VFR flight, including minimum visibility, and distance from clouds, to ensure that aircraft operating under VFR are visible from enough distance to ensure safety.
From a regulatory perspective, airspace is categorized as controlled and uncontrolled. In controlled airspace known as Class B for example (note that Class B does not exist in the UK), Air Traffic Control (ATC) will separate VFR aircraft from all other aircraft. In most other types of controlled airspace, ATC is only required to maintain separation to aircraft operating under instrument flight rules (IFR), but workload permitting will assist all aircraft. In the United States, a pilot operating VFR outside of class B airspace can request "VFR flight following" from ATC. This service is provided by ATC if workload permits it, but is an advisory service only. The responsibility for maintaining separation with other aircraft and proper navigation still remains with the pilot. In the United Kingdom, a pilot can request for "Deconfliction Service", which is similar to flight following.
Meteorological conditions that meet the minimum requirements for VFR flight are termed visual meteorological conditions (VMC). If they are not met, the conditions are considered instrument meteorological conditions(IMC), and a flight may only operate under IFR.
IFR operations have specific training requirements—usually placing a pilot in simulated IMC environment using a view limiting device and recency of experience, equipment, and inspection requirements for both the pilot and aircraft. Additionally, an IFR flight plan must usually be filed in advance. For efficiency of operations, some ATC operations will routinely provide "pop-up" IFR clearances for aircraft operating VFR, but that are arriving at an airport that does not meet VMC requirements. For example, in the United States, at least California's Oakland (KOAK), Monterey (KMRY) and Santa Ana (KSNA) airports do so routinely when a low coastal overcast forces instrument approaches while essentially the entire state of California is basking in sunshine.
In the United States and Canada, VFR pilots also have an option for requesting Special VFR when meteorological conditions at an airport are below normal VMC minimums, but above Special VFR requirements. Special VFR is only intended to enable takeoffs and landings from airports that are near to VMC conditions, and may only be performed during daytime hours if a pilot does not possess an instrument rating.
VFR flight is not allowed in airspace known as class A, regardless of the meteorological conditions. In the United States, class A airspace begins at 18,000 feet msl, and extends to an altitude of 60,000 feet msl.
[edit] Pilot certifications
In the United States and Canada, any certificated pilot who meets specific recency of experience criteria, may operate an airworthy aircraft under VFR.
[edit] Controlled visual flight rules
Section of CVFR flight routes map of Tel Aviv (Israel) area. Flight altitude in each direction is notated in yellow arrow-box. Compulsory reporting points are marked with triangles and airports are marked by yellow circles.
CVFR flight is used in locations where aviation authorities have determined that VFR flight should be allowed, but that ATC separation and minimal guidance are necessary. In this respect, CVFR is similar to Instrument flight rules (IFR) in that ATC will give pilots headings and altitudes at which to fly, and will provide separation and conflict resolution. However, pilots and aircraft do not need to be IFR rated to fly in CVFR areas, which is highly advantageous. An example of airspace where CVFR is common would be Canadian Class B airspace.[citation needed]
The CVFR concept is used in Canada and certain European countries, but not in the U.S., where the Private Pilot certificate itself authorizes the pilot to accept clearances under VFR.
In the Palestinian territory and Israel, for example, VFR does not exist. All visual flights must be performed under CVFR rules.
[edit] Low Flying Rules
In the UK, the Rules of the Air define clearly in the principles of Low Flying Rules in Rule 5. Main principle is that an aircraft has to be always able to perform an emergency landing in case of an engine failure. Hence there are three criteria:
500ft provision An aircraft must not fly closer than 500ft to any person, vessel, vehicle, building or structure.
1000ft provision If an aircraft is flying over a congested area (town, settlement, etc.) an aircraft must fly high enough so that in case of an engine failure, it can land clear without being a danger to people or must not fly less than 1000ft above the highest fixed object within 600m of the aircraft.
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